#Memory pictures words series

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1967, 6, 156–163. Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Differential memory for picture and word stimuli. Nonparametric index of response bias for use in detection and recognition experiments. Signal detection theory and psychophysics.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1969, 7, 448–458. Recognition memory for pictures and named objects. Recognition memory of preschool children for pictures and words. Journal of Experiraental Psychology, 1932. An experimental study of the effect of language on the reproduction of visually perceived form. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester, 1971.Ĭarmichael, L. Recognition memory for pictures and their word labels. New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1932.īloom, S. Explanations of the results are offered in terms of differences in initial encoding and of a loss of discrimination between experimental and extraexperimental materials.īartlett, F. Bias scores in Experiment H revealed that subjects adopted a more lenient criterion in responding to words than to pictures, and increased leniency was noted for both item types over time. Despite all the evidence for the picture superiority effect (PSE) there are counter examples. In addition, the experiments identified an increasing tendency to call verbal test items 'old' over time. Sometimes words are better remembered than pictures. In both studies, pictorial memory was superior to verbal memory at all retention intervals tested, and this advantage was essentially constant over time. Retention intervals varied from several minutes to a few months.

#Memory pictures words series

A comparable, but simpler, design in Experiment II permitted the calculation of sensitivity and bias measures. In two experiments, subjects studied a long series of words and pictures for recognition. The complicated testing procedures in Experiment I required the use of a traditional correction for guessing to obtain estimates of subjects’ memory performance. Pictograms were created in which the outline of a word denoting an object was shaped to be the same as the object itself. Retention intervals varied from several minutes to a few months. The experiment was designed to test if recognition memory was superior for the pictograms as compared to outline pictures or words, and if this would be true whether the subjects were asked to attend to the form or only the content of the stimuli. In two experiments, subjects studied a long series of words and pictures for recognition.